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up................................................................................................................................32 Inflation expectations remained elevated...........................................................................................................33 Inflation will stabilise close to 4% in 2024......................................................................................................... 34 Box 3. Specifics of changes in households’ inflation expectations

notable impact of one-off factors, resulting in invariably elevated inflation expectations of households and businesses. Sustained inflation risks originated from the budget, the labour market

which monetary policy influences demand and, market rates constrain demand and inflation, accordingly, inflation. This mechanism is based while lower ones stimulate them. In addition

CGE models ignore monetary and financial aspects of the economy (e.g., inflation). As regards climate policies, most CGE models focus on analysing economic costs

in a row. In their business plans for 2023, companies assume that inflation will be 9.8% on average, which is markedly above the Bank

will increase by 5–7% this year, overall. Inflation will return to 4% in 2024. Inflation, inflation expectations and Bank of Russia key rate Source:

US Inflation Reduction Act and its implications for the climate agenda The 2022 Inflation Reduction Act aims to reduce the US budget deficit and inflation;

in producers’ costs, and the decreased supply of certain imported vegetables. Annual inflation continued to decline and reached 11.77%. The Bank of Russia forecasts

situation for achieving Credits and deposits include credits, deposits, and repo the inflation target. The key rate is set by the Bank of Russia funds

2020 2021 2022 Food Non-food goods Average core inflation indicators Services CPI Inflation target Inflation target Trend inflation * 558 components in the 2022 basket. * The