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of households 6 APPENDIX 2 Dependent variables I: Optimistic and Confident (OC) – inflation expectations inf_expectations1= response К74. Difficult to answer and refusal = NA inf

literacy improves, the perception of macroeconomic trends, such as estimates of past inflation, ruble exchange rate movements and deposit rates, becomes more accurate. The relationship

given the situation for achieving Foreign currency-denominated assets and precious metals the inflation target. The key rate is set by the Bank of Russia mainly

July, when inflation was noticeably pushed up by the indexation of utility rates. However, numerous measures of underlying inflation rose month-on-month. Annual inflation remained almost

8–9% with a simultaneous decline in breakeven inflation expectations, which indicated tighter monetary conditions. However, inflation expectations of households and businesses edged up, which

yet demonstrated downward trends. Inflation expectations of households and businesses continued to rise. Analysts’ short-term inflation expectations increased. Nevertheless, long-term inflation expectations calculated based on

only when inflation is low. When inflation is high, such loans, including mortgages, are expensive for most borrowers as their cost includes the inflation component.

yet demonstrated downward trends. Inflation expectations of households and businesses continued to rise. Analysts’ short-term inflation expectations increased. Nevertheless, long-term inflation expectations calculated based on

August, including in the underlying components of inflation. A further rise was seen in household and business inflation expectations. At the same time, there were

phenomenon. Inflation worldwide. Both advanced economies and EMEs recorded a downward trend in inflation since early 2023. In the second half of the year, inflation