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0] – Bank of Russia interventions in the domestic FX market and monetary gold 0.1 - - - purchases** – regulation of banks’ required reserves with the Bank of

of proinflationary factors increasingly more often, including 40 2019 2020 2021 Brent Gold Nickel 1 I n March, authorities approved an additional fiscal stimulus Copper

schoolchildren able to cope with them. The topic of the recycling of old stuff to earn money was a challenge for 70% of the pupils.

595,774 Monetary gold 139,117 0 –359 –3 138,754 Gold bullion 139,117 0 –359 –3 138,754 Unallocated gold accounts 0 0

the M-Pesa mobile transfer system, only 42% of individuals over 15 years old had bank accounts in 2011. In 2014 and 2017, that figure grew

of the strengthening of the US dollar and the decline in global gold prices. As a result, international reserves declined but remained at a high

EURO 2020’: — a silver coin in the denomination of 3 rubles; — a gold coin in the denomination of 50 rubles. The silver 3-ruble coin (fine

gold and Special Drawing Rights are assets solely held by the central bank. Monetary gold is a reserve asset of the central bank. Monetary gold

and gold assets by currency* Figure 11: Bank of Russia foreign exchange and gold assets by credit rating, % (% of market value) Euro US dollar Gold