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shares give their shareholders the priority right to receive dividends at a fixed rate irrespective of the size of profit derived by a joint-stock company

endogenous to exogenous case we: fix loss given default rate at the steady state level exclude collateral constraint include fixed wedges into firm’s FOCs

at the 10% level. Estimated effects are conditional on sample means (country fixed effects) and on the effects of the respective other price peaks (eg

Xi,t-1: Real GDP growth and real interest rates (lagged) : Country fixed effects : Time fixed effects Identification by the “timing assumption” as in previous studies

2.7 3.5-4.5 3.5-4.5 2.5-3.5 – gross fixed capital formation 1.4 3.5-4.5 3.5-4.5 2.5-3.

5 5 Auction-based facilities 216 - - - - - – repos and FX swap - - - - - - – secured loans 216 - - - - - Fixed interest rate facilities 1,042 10 13 18 5 5 – repos and

them. Consumer price index (CPI) The ratio of the value of a fixed set of goods and services in current-period prices to its value in

a company’s financial standing; • the absence of a company’s own fixed assets and other high-value items; • the absence of an exact definition of

by placing money in an MFO for a certain term at a fixed interest rate. It is important to understand that investment in an MFO

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