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6 trillion and Р7.8 trillion, respectively. The amount of payments made via e-money systems that are extensively used by marketplaces almost doubled year-on-year. Over

hikes on production or oil and gas revenues, and through external financing via the NWF or external debt markets. The effects of various financing options

international borrowing – via an increase in the interest rate on external borrowing, which is raised to finance imports, the restriction on imports – via its direct

registered a rise in the total amount and share of loans provided via credit cards. A significant proportion of debt thus incurred falls on the

government-sponsored SMEs support programs can increase the likelihood of raising additional financing via market mechanisms in the future. 3 Methodology We employ the method Difference-in-Differences

Aggregate short and long positions in forwards and futures in foreign currencies — — — — vis--vis the domestic currency (including the forward leg of currency swaps) (a

growth in the non-oil sector and a slight appreciation of the currency vis--vis trading partners. 2.4. FISCAL SECTOR, DEBT SUSTAINABILITY Almost all BRICS

Aggregate short and long positions in forwards and futures in foreign currencies — — — — vis--vis the domestic currency (including the forward leg of currency swaps) (a

2012 2011 2010 2009 2008 2007 2006 2005 More +Hide - Cross-border Remittances via Payment Systems 2022 2021 2020 2019 2018 2017 2016 2015 2014 2013

growth rate of traditional loan issuances may decrease, that of loans issued via lines of credit might remain stable or even increase (Morgan, 1998), potentially